{
  "museum": {
    "es": "Museo Virtual de Suelos de Guatemala",
    "en": "Virtual Soil Museum of Guatemala"
  },
  "country": "GT",
  "demo": true,
  "orders": [
    {
      "id": "andisol",
      "name": {
        "es": "Andisol",
        "en": "Andisol"
      },
      "wrb": "Andosol",
      "color": "#62B348",
      "region": "volcanic-chain",
      "summary": {
        "es": "Suelos jóvenes nacidos de ceniza volcánica. Livianos, oscuros y muy fértiles, son la cuna del café de altura.",
        "en": "Young soils born from volcanic ash. Light, dark and very fertile, they are the cradle of highland coffee."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "mollisol",
      "name": {
        "es": "Mollisol",
        "en": "Mollisol"
      },
      "wrb": "Phaeozem",
      "color": "#7A4B1E",
      "region": "polochic",
      "summary": {
        "es": "Suelos de superficie gruesa, oscura y rica en materia orgánica. Entre los más productivos para granos básicos.",
        "en": "Soils with a thick, dark surface rich in organic matter. Among the most productive for staple grains."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "inceptisol",
      "name": {
        "es": "Inceptisol",
        "en": "Inceptisol"
      },
      "wrb": "Cambisol",
      "color": "#DC5D27",
      "region": "highlands",
      "summary": {
        "es": "Suelos en plena formación, comunes en laderas. Sus horizontes apenas comienzan a diferenciarse.",
        "en": "Soils still in the making, common on hillsides. Their horizons are only beginning to differentiate."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "vertisol",
      "name": {
        "es": "Vertisol",
        "en": "Vertisol"
      },
      "wrb": "Vertisol",
      "color": "#1E9CBD",
      "region": "pacific-coast",
      "summary": {
        "es": "Arcillas que se hinchan con la lluvia y se agrietan en la sequía. Suelos que se mueven y se mezclan solos.",
        "en": "Clays that swell with rain and crack in drought. Soils that move and churn themselves."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "ultisol",
      "name": {
        "es": "Ultisol",
        "en": "Ultisol"
      },
      "wrb": "Acrisol",
      "color": "#C4342A",
      "region": "boca-costa",
      "summary": {
        "es": "Suelos antiguos, rojizos y ácidos, lavados por siglos de lluvia. Necesitan manejo cuidadoso para producir.",
        "en": "Old, reddish, acidic soils leached by centuries of rain. They need careful management to stay productive."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "entisol",
      "name": {
        "es": "Entisol",
        "en": "Entisol"
      },
      "wrb": "Regosol",
      "color": "#D9A520",
      "region": "peten",
      "summary": {
        "es": "Los suelos más jóvenes, casi sin horizontes. Se forman en riberas, playas y depósitos recientes.",
        "en": "The youngest soils, with barely any horizons. They form on riverbanks, beaches and recent deposits."
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "histosol",
      "name": {
        "es": "Histosol",
        "en": "Histosol"
      },
      "wrb": "Histosol",
      "color": "#5F6F86",
      "region": "northern-wetlands",
      "summary": {
        "es": "Suelos orgánicos de humedales, hechos de restos vegetales acumulados bajo el agua. Grandes reservas de carbono.",
        "en": "Organic wetland soils made of plant remains accumulated under water. Major carbon stores."
      }
    }
  ],
  "profiles": [
    {
      "id": "gt-0042",
      "code": "GT-0042",
      "order": "andisol",
      "title": {
        "es": "Andisol de Acatenango",
        "en": "Acatenango Andisol"
      },
      "hook": {
        "es": "Ceniza de volcán convertida en el suelo del mejor café.",
        "en": "Volcanic ash turned into the soil of the finest coffee."
      },
      "classification": {
        "usda": "Typic Hapludand",
        "wrb": "Silandic Andosol (Humic)"
      },
      "site": {
        "location": "Acatenango, Chimaltenango",
        "region": "volcanic-chain",
        "elevation_m": 1820,
        "precipitation_mm": 1800,
        "temperature_c": "14–20",
        "slope": "15–25°",
        "landUse": {
          "es": "Café bajo sombra",
          "en": "Shade-grown coffee"
        },
        "parentMaterial": {
          "es": "Tefra holocénica",
          "en": "Holocene tephra"
        },
        "described": "2024-03"
      },
      "horizons": [
        {
          "name": "O/A",
          "top": 0,
          "bottom": 30,
          "munsell": "10YR 2/2",
          "color": "#2A1C10",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Franco",
            "en": "Loam"
          },
          "ph": 5.8,
          "om": 8.4,
          "cec": 42,
          "note": {
            "es": "Capa oscura y esponjosa, llena de raíces finas y vida. Aquí se concentra la materia orgánica.",
            "en": "A dark, spongy layer full of fine roots and life. This is where organic matter concentrates."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "Bw1",
          "top": 30,
          "bottom": 60,
          "munsell": "7.5YR 3/3",
          "color": "#5A3219",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Franco arcilloso",
            "en": "Clay loam"
          },
          "ph": 6.1,
          "om": 4.2,
          "cec": 38,
          "note": {
            "es": "La ceniza empieza a transformarse en minerales que retienen agua como una esponja.",
            "en": "Ash begins to weather into minerals that hold water like a sponge."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "Bw2",
          "top": 60,
          "bottom": 95,
          "munsell": "7.5YR 4/4",
          "color": "#8A5A2B",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Franco arcillo limoso",
            "en": "Silty clay loam"
          },
          "ph": 6.3,
          "om": 2.8,
          "cec": 34,
          "note": {
            "es": "Color pardo uniforme. Las raíces del café y de los árboles de sombra llegan hasta aquí.",
            "en": "Uniform brown colour. Coffee and shade-tree roots reach this deep."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "BC",
          "top": 95,
          "bottom": 125,
          "munsell": "10YR 5/4",
          "color": "#B8845A",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Arcillo limoso",
            "en": "Silty clay"
          },
          "ph": 6.5,
          "om": 1.4,
          "cec": 28,
          "note": {
            "es": "Zona de transición. Aparecen fragmentos de pómez poco alterados.",
            "en": "A transition zone. Barely weathered pumice fragments appear."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "C",
          "top": 125,
          "bottom": 150,
          "munsell": "10YR 6/4",
          "color": "#C9A07A",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Franco limoso",
            "en": "Silt loam"
          },
          "ph": 6.8,
          "om": 0.6,
          "cec": 18,
          "note": {
            "es": "Ceniza y pómez casi intactas, el material del que nació todo el perfil.",
            "en": "Nearly intact ash and pumice, the material the whole profile was born from."
          }
        }
      ],
      "narratives": {
        "kids": {
          "es": "Hace mucho tiempo, el volcán lanzó ceniza al cielo. La ceniza cayó como una manta gris y, poco a poco, la lluvia, las raíces y los bichitos la convirtieron en un suelo oscuro y suave como un pastel de chocolate. ¡Por eso aquí crece un café tan rico!",
          "en": "Long ago, the volcano threw ash into the sky. The ash fell like a grey blanket and, little by little, rain, roots and tiny creatures turned it into dark soil as soft as chocolate cake. That is why such delicious coffee grows here!"
        },
        "students": {
          "es": "Este suelo se formó a partir de ceniza volcánica (tefra) depositada durante los últimos 10 000 años. Al alterarse, la ceniza produce minerales muy finos que retienen mucha agua y materia orgánica, por eso el horizonte superficial es tan oscuro y liviano. Los Andisoles cubren la cadena volcánica de Guatemala y sostienen la caficultura de altura, pero en pendientes fuertes se erosionan con facilidad si pierden su cobertura.",
          "en": "This soil formed from volcanic ash (tephra) deposited over the last 10,000 years. As it weathers, the ash produces very fine minerals that hold a lot of water and organic matter, which is why the surface horizon is so dark and light. Andisols cover Guatemala's volcanic chain and sustain highland coffee growing, but on steep slopes they erode easily if they lose their cover."
        },
        "teachers": {
          "es": "Idea central: el material parental (ceniza) y el tiempo explican las propiedades de este suelo. Actividad sugerida de 35 minutos: comparar la densidad de un terrón de Andisol con uno de arcilla pesándolos en la mano y en balanza; luego observar cuánta agua absorbe cada uno. Preguntas guía: ¿por qué pesa menos?, ¿qué pasa con este suelo en una ladera sin árboles? Conecta con Ciencias Naturales, factores de formación del suelo.",
          "en": "Core idea: parent material (ash) and time explain this soil's properties. Suggested 35-minute activity: compare the density of an Andisol clod with a clay clod, by hand and on a scale, then observe how much water each absorbs. Guiding questions: why is it lighter? What happens to this soil on a slope without trees? Links to Natural Sciences, soil-forming factors."
        },
        "professionals": {
          "es": "Hapludand típico desarrollado sobre tefra holocénica en régimen údico e isotérmico. Epipedón úmbrico de 30 cm con 8.4 % de materia orgánica y propiedades ándicas en todo el solum; la CIC desciende de 42 a 18 cmol(+)/kg con la profundidad. Reacción moderadamente ácida a neutra (pH 5.8 a 6.8). La alta retención de fosfato, típica de materiales alofánicos, condiciona el manejo de la fertilización fosfatada. Riesgo de erosión moderado en pendientes de 15 a 25° bajo café con sombra.",
          "en": "Typic Hapludand developed on Holocene tephra under a udic, isothermic regime. A 30 cm umbric epipedon with 8.4% organic matter and andic properties throughout the solum; CEC falls from 42 to 18 cmol(+)/kg with depth. Moderately acid to neutral reaction (pH 5.8 to 6.8). High phosphate retention, typical of allophanic materials, shapes phosphorus fertiliser management. Moderate erosion risk on 15 to 25° slopes under shade-grown coffee."
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "gt-0107",
      "code": "GT-0107",
      "order": "mollisol",
      "title": {
        "es": "Mollisol del Polochic",
        "en": "Polochic Mollisol"
      },
      "hook": {
        "es": "Tierra negra y profunda que alimenta al valle.",
        "en": "Deep black earth that feeds the valley."
      },
      "classification": {
        "usda": "Typic Hapludoll",
        "wrb": "Haplic Phaeozem (Loamic)"
      },
      "site": {
        "location": "Panzós, Alta Verapaz",
        "region": "polochic",
        "elevation_m": 35,
        "precipitation_mm": 2600,
        "temperature_c": "24–28",
        "slope": "0–2°",
        "landUse": {
          "es": "Maíz y arroz",
          "en": "Maize and rice"
        },
        "parentMaterial": {
          "es": "Aluvión del río Polochic",
          "en": "Polochic river alluvium"
        },
        "described": "2024-05"
      },
      "horizons": [
        {
          "name": "A",
          "top": 0,
          "bottom": 35,
          "munsell": "10YR 2/1",
          "color": "#1E150E",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Franco",
            "en": "Loam"
          },
          "ph": 6.6,
          "om": 5.9,
          "cec": 36,
          "note": {
            "es": "Horizonte grueso, negro y granular. Se desmorona en migajas.",
            "en": "A thick, black, granular horizon. It crumbles into soft crumbs."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "AB",
          "top": 35,
          "bottom": 60,
          "munsell": "10YR 3/2",
          "color": "#3A281A",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Franco arcilloso",
            "en": "Clay loam"
          },
          "ph": 6.9,
          "om": 3.1,
          "cec": 33,
          "note": {
            "es": "Transición gradual. Todavía hay muchas galerías de lombrices.",
            "en": "A gradual transition. Still many earthworm channels."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "Bk",
          "top": 60,
          "bottom": 100,
          "munsell": "10YR 4/3",
          "color": "#7A5F45",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Franco arcilloso",
            "en": "Clay loam"
          },
          "ph": 7.6,
          "om": 1.3,
          "cec": 29,
          "note": {
            "es": "Pequeñas manchas blancas de carbonato de calcio.",
            "en": "Small white specks of calcium carbonate."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "C",
          "top": 100,
          "bottom": 150,
          "munsell": "10YR 5/4",
          "color": "#B0906F",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Franco arenoso",
            "en": "Sandy loam"
          },
          "ph": 7.8,
          "om": 0.5,
          "cec": 17,
          "note": {
            "es": "Capas de arena y limo que dejó el río.",
            "en": "Layers of sand and silt left by the river."
          }
        }
      ],
      "narratives": {
        "kids": {
          "es": "El río trae tierra nueva cada vez que crece. Las plantas y las lombrices la mezclan y la vuelven negra y blandita. ¡Es como la despensa del valle!",
          "en": "The river brings new earth every time it floods. Plants and earthworms mix it and turn it black and soft. It is like the pantry of the valley!"
        },
        "students": {
          "es": "Los Mollisoles tienen un horizonte superficial grueso y oscuro, rico en materia orgánica y nutrientes como calcio y magnesio. En el valle del Polochic se forman sobre sedimentos del río. Son suelos muy productivos, pero se compactan si se trabajan mojados.",
          "en": "Mollisols have a thick, dark surface horizon rich in organic matter and nutrients such as calcium and magnesium. In the Polochic valley they form on river sediments. They are very productive soils, but they compact when worked wet."
        },
        "teachers": {
          "es": "Idea central: la materia orgánica da color oscuro y estructura. Actividad: frotar una muestra seca sobre papel blanco y comparar la intensidad del color con otros suelos. Conecta con ciclos de nutrientes y seguridad alimentaria.",
          "en": "Core idea: organic matter gives dark colour and structure. Activity: rub a dry sample on white paper and compare colour intensity with other soils. Links to nutrient cycles and food security."
        },
        "professionals": {
          "es": "Hapludoll típico sobre aluvión reciente. Epipedón mólico de 35 cm, saturación de bases mayor al 50 % en todo el perfil y acumulación incipiente de carbonatos secundarios entre 60 y 100 cm. Drenaje moderado; riesgo de compactación subsuperficial bajo labranza mecanizada.",
          "en": "Typic Hapludoll on recent alluvium. A 35 cm mollic epipedon, base saturation above 50% throughout and incipient secondary carbonate accumulation between 60 and 100 cm. Moderately drained; subsurface compaction risk under mechanised tillage."
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "gt-0213",
      "code": "GT-0213",
      "order": "inceptisol",
      "title": {
        "es": "Inceptisol de Totonicapán",
        "en": "Totonicapán Inceptisol"
      },
      "hook": {
        "es": "Un suelo joven que apenas empieza a escribir su historia.",
        "en": "A young soil only beginning to write its story."
      },
      "classification": {
        "usda": "Typic Dystrudept",
        "wrb": "Dystric Cambisol (Loamic)"
      },
      "site": {
        "location": "Totonicapán, Totonicapán",
        "region": "highlands",
        "elevation_m": 2480,
        "precipitation_mm": 1200,
        "temperature_c": "10–16",
        "slope": "20–35°",
        "landUse": {
          "es": "Milpa y bosque de pino",
          "en": "Milpa and pine forest"
        },
        "parentMaterial": {
          "es": "Rocas volcánicas terciarias",
          "en": "Tertiary volcanic rocks"
        },
        "described": "2024-02"
      },
      "horizons": [
        {
          "name": "A",
          "top": 0,
          "bottom": 18,
          "munsell": "10YR 3/3",
          "color": "#3F2C17",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Franco",
            "en": "Loam"
          },
          "ph": 5.4,
          "om": 4.1,
          "cec": 21,
          "note": {
            "es": "Capa delgada bajo la hojarasca de pino.",
            "en": "A thin layer under pine litter."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "Bw",
          "top": 18,
          "bottom": 65,
          "munsell": "7.5YR 4/4",
          "color": "#7C4E34",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Franco arcilloso",
            "en": "Clay loam"
          },
          "ph": 5.6,
          "om": 1.8,
          "cec": 17,
          "note": {
            "es": "Ya cambió de color y de estructura, pero aún no acumula arcilla.",
            "en": "Colour and structure have changed, but no clay has accumulated yet."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "BC",
          "top": 65,
          "bottom": 95,
          "munsell": "7.5YR 5/4",
          "color": "#A37B60",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Franco arenoso",
            "en": "Sandy loam"
          },
          "ph": 5.8,
          "om": 0.7,
          "cec": 12,
          "note": {
            "es": "Fragmentos de roca alterada entre la tierra fina.",
            "en": "Weathered rock fragments within the fine earth."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "C",
          "top": 95,
          "bottom": 130,
          "munsell": "10YR 6/4",
          "color": "#C6A57F",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Arenoso franco",
            "en": "Loamy sand"
          },
          "ph": 6,
          "om": 0.3,
          "cec": 8,
          "note": {
            "es": "Roca muy alterada que se deshace con la mano.",
            "en": "Deeply weathered rock that breaks apart by hand."
          }
        }
      ],
      "narratives": {
        "kids": {
          "es": "Este suelo es como un niño pequeño, todavía está creciendo. Vive en la montaña y, si le quitan los árboles, la lluvia se lo puede llevar.",
          "en": "This soil is like a small child, still growing. It lives on the mountain and, if the trees are taken away, the rain can wash it off."
        },
        "students": {
          "es": "Los Inceptisoles son suelos jóvenes con horizontes poco desarrollados. En las laderas del Altiplano se forman lentamente mientras la erosión se lleva parte del material. Las terrazas, las barreras vivas y la cobertura vegetal ayudan a conservarlos.",
          "en": "Inceptisols are young soils with weakly developed horizons. On Highland slopes they form slowly while erosion carries part of the material away. Terraces, live barriers and plant cover help conserve them."
        },
        "teachers": {
          "es": "Idea central: la pendiente y el tiempo limitan el desarrollo del suelo. Actividad: simular lluvia con una regadera sobre dos bandejas inclinadas, una con cobertura y otra desnuda, y medir el sedimento. Conecta con conservación de suelos.",
          "en": "Core idea: slope and time limit soil development. Activity: simulate rain with a watering can over two tilted trays, one covered and one bare, and measure the sediment. Links to soil conservation."
        },
        "professionals": {
          "es": "Dystrudept típico con horizonte cámbico de 47 cm y saturación de bases inferior al 60 %. Reacción fuertemente ácida, CIC moderada a baja. Capacidad de uso limitada por la pendiente; alta susceptibilidad a erosión hídrica laminar y en surcos.",
          "en": "Typic Dystrudept with a 47 cm cambic horizon and base saturation below 60%. Strongly acid reaction, moderate to low CEC. Capability limited by slope; highly susceptible to sheet and rill water erosion."
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "gt-0318",
      "code": "GT-0318",
      "order": "vertisol",
      "title": {
        "es": "Vertisol de la Costa Sur",
        "en": "South Coast Vertisol"
      },
      "hook": {
        "es": "El suelo que respira, se hincha y se agrieta.",
        "en": "The soil that breathes, swells and cracks."
      },
      "classification": {
        "usda": "Typic Haplustert",
        "wrb": "Pellic Vertisol"
      },
      "site": {
        "location": "La Gomera, Escuintla",
        "region": "pacific-coast",
        "elevation_m": 60,
        "precipitation_mm": 1500,
        "temperature_c": "25–30",
        "slope": "0–1°",
        "landUse": {
          "es": "Caña de azúcar",
          "en": "Sugarcane"
        },
        "parentMaterial": {
          "es": "Sedimentos finos de planicie costera",
          "en": "Fine coastal plain sediments"
        },
        "described": "2024-04"
      },
      "horizons": [
        {
          "name": "Ap",
          "top": 0,
          "bottom": 25,
          "munsell": "10YR 2/1",
          "color": "#231A12",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Arcilloso",
            "en": "Clay"
          },
          "ph": 6.8,
          "om": 3.2,
          "cec": 52,
          "note": {
            "es": "Arcilla negra. En la época seca se abre en grietas de hasta 5 cm.",
            "en": "Black clay. In the dry season it opens into cracks up to 5 cm wide."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "Bss1",
          "top": 25,
          "bottom": 75,
          "munsell": "10YR 3/1",
          "color": "#3B2E24",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Arcilloso",
            "en": "Clay"
          },
          "ph": 7.2,
          "om": 1.9,
          "cec": 55,
          "note": {
            "es": "Caras de deslizamiento brillantes, huella del movimiento de la arcilla.",
            "en": "Shiny slickensides, the mark of moving clay."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "Bss2",
          "top": 75,
          "bottom": 120,
          "munsell": "10YR 4/2",
          "color": "#5E4C3C",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Arcilloso",
            "en": "Clay"
          },
          "ph": 7.6,
          "om": 1.1,
          "cec": 50,
          "note": {
            "es": "Bloques en forma de cuña, muy duros cuando están secos.",
            "en": "Wedge-shaped blocks, very hard when dry."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "C",
          "top": 120,
          "bottom": 150,
          "munsell": "2.5Y 5/3",
          "color": "#8C7B66",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Arcillo limoso",
            "en": "Silty clay"
          },
          "ph": 7.9,
          "om": 0.5,
          "cec": 41,
          "note": {
            "es": "Sedimento fino con nódulos de carbonato.",
            "en": "Fine sediment with carbonate nodules."
          }
        }
      ],
      "narratives": {
        "kids": {
          "es": "Cuando llueve, este suelo se infla como una esponja. Cuando hace calor, se agrieta como un rompecabezas. ¡Es un suelo que se mueve solo!",
          "en": "When it rains, this soil puffs up like a sponge. When it is hot, it cracks like a jigsaw puzzle. It is a soil that moves by itself!"
        },
        "students": {
          "es": "Los Vertisoles tienen más de 30 % de arcillas expansivas. Al mojarse se hinchan y al secarse se contraen, formando grietas profundas por donde cae material de la superficie. Así el suelo se mezcla a sí mismo. Son fértiles pero difíciles de trabajar.",
          "en": "Vertisols have more than 30% swelling clay. They swell when wet and shrink when dry, forming deep cracks through which surface material falls. This is how the soil mixes itself. They are fertile but hard to work."
        },
        "teachers": {
          "es": "Idea central: el tipo de arcilla determina el comportamiento físico del suelo. Actividad: moldear discos con arcilla húmeda, dejarlos secar y medir cuánto se encogen. Conecta con estados de la materia y propiedades de los materiales.",
          "en": "Core idea: clay type determines the physical behaviour of a soil. Activity: mould discs of wet clay, let them dry and measure how much they shrink. Links to states of matter and material properties."
        },
        "professionals": {
          "es": "Haplustert típico con más de 55 % de arcilla esmectítica, slickensides entre 25 y 120 cm y grietas estacionales que alcanzan 60 cm. CIC superior a 50 cmol(+)/kg. Ventana de laboreo estrecha; drenaje interno lento y riesgo de anegamiento en la época lluviosa.",
          "en": "Typic Haplustert with more than 55% smectitic clay, slickensides between 25 and 120 cm and seasonal cracks reaching 60 cm. CEC above 50 cmol(+)/kg. Narrow tillage window; slow internal drainage and waterlogging risk in the rainy season."
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "gt-0421",
      "code": "GT-0421",
      "order": "ultisol",
      "title": {
        "es": "Ultisol de la Boca Costa",
        "en": "Boca Costa Ultisol"
      },
      "hook": {
        "es": "Rojo intenso, lavado por siglos de lluvia.",
        "en": "Deep red, washed by centuries of rain."
      },
      "classification": {
        "usda": "Typic Hapludult",
        "wrb": "Haplic Acrisol (Clayic)"
      },
      "site": {
        "location": "San Francisco Zapotitlán, Suchitepéquez",
        "region": "boca-costa",
        "elevation_m": 640,
        "precipitation_mm": 3800,
        "temperature_c": "22–27",
        "slope": "8–15°",
        "landUse": {
          "es": "Hule y cacao",
          "en": "Rubber and cacao"
        },
        "parentMaterial": {
          "es": "Lahares antiguos muy alterados",
          "en": "Old, deeply weathered lahars"
        },
        "described": "2024-06"
      },
      "horizons": [
        {
          "name": "A",
          "top": 0,
          "bottom": 15,
          "munsell": "5YR 3/3",
          "color": "#4A2716",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Franco arcilloso",
            "en": "Clay loam"
          },
          "ph": 4.9,
          "om": 3.6,
          "cec": 14,
          "note": {
            "es": "Capa delgada que depende de la hojarasca para mantenerse fértil.",
            "en": "A thin layer that depends on leaf litter to stay fertile."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "Bt1",
          "top": 15,
          "bottom": 55,
          "munsell": "2.5YR 4/6",
          "color": "#7E3A1C",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Arcilloso",
            "en": "Clay"
          },
          "ph": 4.7,
          "om": 1.4,
          "cec": 11,
          "note": {
            "es": "La arcilla lavada desde arriba se acumula aquí y recubre los agregados.",
            "en": "Clay washed down from above accumulates here and coats the aggregates."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "Bt2",
          "top": 55,
          "bottom": 105,
          "munsell": "10R 4/8",
          "color": "#98301F",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Arcilloso",
            "en": "Clay"
          },
          "ph": 4.6,
          "om": 0.7,
          "cec": 9,
          "note": {
            "es": "Rojo vivo por los óxidos de hierro, como metal oxidado.",
            "en": "Bright red from iron oxides, like rusted metal."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "BC",
          "top": 105,
          "bottom": 135,
          "munsell": "2.5YR 5/6",
          "color": "#C4603F",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Franco arcilloso",
            "en": "Clay loam"
          },
          "ph": 4.8,
          "om": 0.3,
          "cec": 8,
          "note": {
            "es": "Menos arcilla y manchas amarillentas.",
            "en": "Less clay and yellowish mottles."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "C",
          "top": 135,
          "bottom": 160,
          "munsell": "5YR 6/6",
          "color": "#D08F70",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Franco",
            "en": "Loam"
          },
          "ph": 5,
          "om": 0.2,
          "cec": 6,
          "note": {
            "es": "Roca totalmente descompuesta que conserva su forma original.",
            "en": "Fully decomposed rock that keeps its original shape."
          }
        }
      ],
      "narratives": {
        "kids": {
          "es": "Este suelo es rojo porque tiene hierro, igual que un clavo oxidado. Ha llovido tanto sobre él que la lluvia se llevó muchos de sus alimentos. Los árboles lo cuidan con sus hojas.",
          "en": "This soil is red because it has iron, just like a rusty nail. So much rain has fallen on it that the rain carried away many of its nutrients. Trees look after it with their leaves."
        },
        "students": {
          "es": "Los Ultisoles son suelos antiguos de zonas muy lluviosas. El agua ha lavado los nutrientes y ha movido la arcilla hacia abajo, formando un horizonte Bt. Son ácidos y poco fértiles, por eso funcionan mejor con cultivos perennes, sombra y aportes de materia orgánica.",
          "en": "Ultisols are old soils of very rainy areas. Water has leached the nutrients and moved clay downward, forming a Bt horizon. They are acidic and low in fertility, so they work best with perennial crops, shade and added organic matter."
        },
        "teachers": {
          "es": "Idea central: el clima y el tiempo pueden empobrecer un suelo. Actividad: medir el pH con indicador casero de repollo morado y compararlo con otro suelo. Conecta con ácidos y bases, y con sistemas agroforestales.",
          "en": "Core idea: climate and time can impoverish a soil. Activity: measure pH with a homemade red-cabbage indicator and compare it with another soil. Links to acids and bases, and to agroforestry systems."
        },
        "professionals": {
          "es": "Hapludult típico con horizonte argílico de 90 cm, saturación de bases menor al 35 % y reacción muy fuertemente ácida. CIC efectiva baja y probable toxicidad por aluminio intercambiable por debajo de 15 cm. Requiere encalado y manejo de cobertura.",
          "en": "Typic Hapludult with a 90 cm argillic horizon, base saturation below 35% and very strongly acid reaction. Low effective CEC and likely exchangeable aluminium toxicity below 15 cm. Requires liming and cover management."
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "gt-0509",
      "code": "GT-0509",
      "order": "entisol",
      "title": {
        "es": "Entisol del río La Pasión",
        "en": "La Pasión River Entisol"
      },
      "hook": {
        "es": "Un suelo recién llegado, capa sobre capa.",
        "en": "A newly arrived soil, layer upon layer."
      },
      "classification": {
        "usda": "Typic Udifluvent",
        "wrb": "Eutric Fluvisol (Loamic)"
      },
      "site": {
        "location": "Sayaxché, Petén",
        "region": "peten",
        "elevation_m": 125,
        "precipitation_mm": 2000,
        "temperature_c": "24–29",
        "slope": "0–2°",
        "landUse": {
          "es": "Milpa de ribera",
          "en": "Riverside milpa"
        },
        "parentMaterial": {
          "es": "Aluvión reciente",
          "en": "Recent alluvium"
        },
        "described": "2024-07"
      },
      "horizons": [
        {
          "name": "A",
          "top": 0,
          "bottom": 14,
          "munsell": "10YR 4/3",
          "color": "#8A7656",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Franco limoso",
            "en": "Silt loam"
          },
          "ph": 7.1,
          "om": 2.2,
          "cec": 19,
          "note": {
            "es": "Superficie delgada, apenas oscurecida por las raíces.",
            "en": "A thin surface, barely darkened by roots."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "C1",
          "top": 14,
          "bottom": 50,
          "munsell": "10YR 5/4",
          "color": "#AE9E7E",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Franco arenoso",
            "en": "Sandy loam"
          },
          "ph": 7.4,
          "om": 0.8,
          "cec": 13,
          "note": {
            "es": "Capa de una crecida, con láminas finas todavía visibles.",
            "en": "A flood layer, with fine laminae still visible."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "C2",
          "top": 50,
          "bottom": 95,
          "munsell": "10YR 6/3",
          "color": "#C6B595",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Arenoso franco",
            "en": "Loamy sand"
          },
          "ph": 7.6,
          "om": 0.4,
          "cec": 9,
          "note": {
            "es": "Arena más gruesa de una inundación mayor.",
            "en": "Coarser sand from a larger flood."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "C3",
          "top": 95,
          "bottom": 140,
          "munsell": "2.5Y 7/3",
          "color": "#D3C7AE",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Franco limoso",
            "en": "Silt loam"
          },
          "ph": 7.7,
          "om": 0.6,
          "cec": 12,
          "note": {
            "es": "Limo fino depositado en aguas tranquilas.",
            "en": "Fine silt deposited in still water."
          }
        }
      ],
      "narratives": {
        "kids": {
          "es": "Cada vez que el río se desborda, deja una capa nueva de arena y lodo, como las capas de un pastel. Este suelo es un bebé, ¡acaba de nacer!",
          "en": "Every time the river overflows, it leaves a new layer of sand and mud, like the layers of a cake. This soil is a baby, it has just been born!"
        },
        "students": {
          "es": "Los Entisoles son los suelos más jóvenes. No han tenido tiempo de formar horizontes; lo que se ve son capas de sedimento que dejó el río en distintas crecidas. Su fertilidad depende del material que llega con cada inundación.",
          "en": "Entisols are the youngest soils. They have not had time to form horizons; what you see are sediment layers left by the river in different floods. Their fertility depends on the material that arrives with each flood."
        },
        "teachers": {
          "es": "Idea central: sedimentación no es lo mismo que formación de suelo. Actividad: agitar suelo con agua en una botella y observar cómo se asientan arena, limo y arcilla. Conecta con el ciclo del agua y las cuencas.",
          "en": "Core idea: sedimentation is not the same as soil formation. Activity: shake soil and water in a bottle and watch sand, silt and clay settle. Links to the water cycle and watersheds."
        },
        "professionals": {
          "es": "Udifluvent típico con estratificación visible y distribución irregular del carbono orgánico con la profundidad. Sin horizontes diagnósticos subsuperficiales. Saturación de bases alta; riesgo de inundación frecuente y nivel freático fluctuante por debajo de 120 cm.",
          "en": "Typic Udifluvent with visible stratification and an irregular distribution of organic carbon with depth. No subsurface diagnostic horizons. High base saturation; frequent flooding risk and a fluctuating water table below 120 cm."
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "gt-0602",
      "code": "GT-0602",
      "order": "histosol",
      "title": {
        "es": "Histosol de Laguna del Tigre",
        "en": "Laguna del Tigre Histosol"
      },
      "hook": {
        "es": "Un suelo hecho de plantas, guardián del carbono.",
        "en": "A soil made of plants, keeper of carbon."
      },
      "classification": {
        "usda": "Typic Haplosaprist",
        "wrb": "Sapric Histosol (Eutric)"
      },
      "site": {
        "location": "San Andrés, Petén",
        "region": "northern-wetlands",
        "elevation_m": 60,
        "precipitation_mm": 1700,
        "temperature_c": "25–30",
        "slope": "0°",
        "landUse": {
          "es": "Humedal protegido",
          "en": "Protected wetland"
        },
        "parentMaterial": {
          "es": "Restos vegetales acumulados",
          "en": "Accumulated plant remains"
        },
        "described": "2024-08"
      },
      "horizons": [
        {
          "name": "Oi",
          "top": 0,
          "bottom": 20,
          "munsell": "7.5YR 2.5/1",
          "color": "#1B120C",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Orgánico fíbrico",
            "en": "Fibric organic"
          },
          "ph": 6.2,
          "om": 68,
          "cec": 95,
          "note": {
            "es": "Fibras y raíces que todavía se reconocen a simple vista.",
            "en": "Fibres and roots still recognisable to the naked eye."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "Oa1",
          "top": 20,
          "bottom": 70,
          "munsell": "10YR 2/1",
          "color": "#231710",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Orgánico sáprico",
            "en": "Sapric organic"
          },
          "ph": 6.5,
          "om": 54,
          "cec": 110,
          "note": {
            "es": "Materia orgánica negra y pastosa, muy descompuesta.",
            "en": "Black, paste-like organic matter, highly decomposed."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "Oa2",
          "top": 70,
          "bottom": 110,
          "munsell": "10YR 2/2",
          "color": "#33231A",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Orgánico sáprico",
            "en": "Sapric organic"
          },
          "ph": 6.8,
          "om": 41,
          "cec": 98,
          "note": {
            "es": "Siempre saturado de agua, sin oxígeno.",
            "en": "Always water-saturated, without oxygen."
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "Cg",
          "top": 110,
          "bottom": 150,
          "munsell": "5B 5/1",
          "color": "#6B7B8C",
          "texture": {
            "es": "Arcilloso",
            "en": "Clay"
          },
          "ph": 7.4,
          "om": 2.5,
          "cec": 30,
          "note": {
            "es": "Arcilla gris azulada. El color delata la falta de oxígeno.",
            "en": "Blue-grey clay. The colour reveals the lack of oxygen."
          }
        }
      ],
      "narratives": {
        "kids": {
          "es": "En el humedal, las hojas y raíces caen al agua y no se pudren del todo. Se van amontonando durante miles de años hasta formar un suelo negro que guarda carbono, como una alcancía gigante.",
          "en": "In the wetland, leaves and roots fall into the water and do not fully rot. They pile up over thousands of years to form a black soil that stores carbon, like a giant piggy bank."
        },
        "students": {
          "es": "Los Histosoles están formados sobre todo por materia orgánica. Bajo el agua falta oxígeno, así que los restos de plantas se descomponen muy despacio y se acumulan. Si el humedal se drena, ese carbono vuelve al aire como CO₂.",
          "en": "Histosols are made mostly of organic matter. Under water there is little oxygen, so plant remains decompose very slowly and accumulate. If the wetland is drained, that carbon returns to the air as CO₂."
        },
        "teachers": {
          "es": "Idea central: los suelos son reservas de carbono. Actividad: comparar la descomposición de hojas en un frasco con agua y en otro con tierra húmeda durante cuatro semanas. Conecta con cambio climático y ecosistemas.",
          "en": "Core idea: soils are carbon stores. Activity: compare leaf decomposition in a jar of water and in a jar of moist earth over four weeks. Links to climate change and ecosystems."
        },
        "professionals": {
          "es": "Haplosaprist típico con 110 cm de materiales orgánicos sápricos sobre un horizonte mineral gleizado. Régimen ácuico permanente. Reserva de carbono muy alta; subsidencia y emisiones significativas si se drena. Uso recomendado, conservación.",
          "en": "Typic Haplosaprist with 110 cm of sapric organic materials over a gleyed mineral horizon. Permanent aquic regime. Very high carbon stock; significant subsidence and emissions if drained. Recommended use, conservation."
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}